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TUBERCULOSIS - PULMONARY (PEDIATRIC)
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a gram-positive bacteria with slow growth rate that is enhanced by 6-8% carbon dioxide and temperature of 35-40ºC.
It is primarily transmitted through airborne route.
The number of tubercle bacilli expelled in the air by a TB infected person is directly related to their infectiousness.
TB transmission is rare in children <10 years old due to their inability to expectorate sputum and low TB bacilli load in their sputum.
TB infection in children is usually obtained from an infectious adolescent or adult depending on the closeness and length of contact and the index case's severity of lung involvement and infectiousness.
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  9. World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_TB_2006.371_eng.pdf. 2006
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  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. TB elimination - tuberculin skin testing. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/skintesting.pdf. Oct 2011. Accessed 09 Dec 2011
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  15. TB CARE I. International standards for tuberculosis care. 3rd ed; 2014. http://www.who.int/tb/publications/ISTC_3rdEd.pdf.
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  17. Adams LV, Starke JR. Tuberculosis disease in children. UptoDate website. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/tuberculosis-disease-in-children. Aug 2016.
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  19. Ministry of Health Singapore. Prevention, diagnosis and management of tuberculosis. Ministry of Health Singapore website. https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/HPP/Doctors/cpg_medical/current/2016/tuberculosis/MOH%20TB%20CPG%20Full%20version%20for%20website.pdf. Jan 2016.
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