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TUBERCULOSIS - PULMONARY (PEDIATRIC)
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a gram-positive bacteria with slow growth rate that is enhanced by 6-8% carbon dioxide and temperature of 35-40ºC.
It is primarily transmitted through airborne route.
The number of tubercle bacilli expelled in the air by a TB infected person is directly related to their infectiousness.
TB transmission is rare in children <10 years old due to their inability to expectorate sputum and low TB bacilli load in their sputum.
TB infection in children is usually obtained from an infectious adolescent or adult depending on the closeness and length of contact and the index case's severity of lung involvement and infectiousness.

Tuberculosis - Pulmonary (Pediatric) References

  1. American Thoracic Society, CDC; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Treatment of tuberculosis. MMWR. 2003 Jun;52:1-77. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5211a1.htm. PMID: 12836625
  2. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, et al. Childhood pulmonary tuberculosis: old wisdom and new challenges. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 May;173(10):1078-1090. PMID: 16484674
  3. Newton SM, Brent AJ, Anderson S, et al. Paediatric tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008 Aug;8(8):498-510. PMID: 18652996
  4. Lu-Fong MT, How CH, et al. Tuberculosis in infancy and childhood. In: Committee on Handbook on Childhood Tuberculosis of the Philippine Pediatric Society. Handbook on Childhood Tuberculosis of the Philippine Pediatric Society. 2nd ed. Manila, Philippines: Philippine Pediatric Society Inc; 2003
  5. Starke JR. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW III, et al, eds. Nelson textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, Elsevier; 2011
  6. The Lung Association Tuberculosis Committee. Tuberculosis: information for health care provider. 3rd ed. Canada: The Lung Association; 2003
  7. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Pediatrics/33/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Pediatrics.xml
  8. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Respiratory-Medicine/40/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Respiratory-Medicine.xml
  9. World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_TB_2006.371_eng.pdf. 2006
  10. Ministry of Health Malaysia, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia. Practice guidelines for the control and management of tuberculosis. http://www.moh.gov.my/. 2006
  11. World Health Organization. Rapid advice: treatment of tuberculosis in children. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241500449_eng.pdf. 2010. Accessed 25 Nov 2011
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. TB elimination - tuberculin skin testing. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/skintesting.pdf. Oct 2011. Accessed 09 Dec 2011
  13. World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. 2nd ed. World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112360/1/9789241548748_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1. 2014. Accessed 17 Jul 2014.
  14. Philippine Pediatric Society Committee on Handbook on Childhood Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis in infancy and childhood. 3rd ed: Philippine Pediatric Society; 2010.
  15. TB CARE I. International standards for tuberculosis care. 3rd ed; 2014. http://www.who.int/tb/publications/ISTC_3rdEd.pdf.
  16. World Health Organization. Systematic screening for active tuberculosis: principles and recommendations. World Health Organization website. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/84971/1/9789241548601_eng.pdf?ua=1. 2013.
  17. Adams LV, Starke JR. Tuberculosis disease in children. UptoDate website. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/tuberculosis-disease-in-children. Aug 2016.
  18. Heysell SK, Friedland G. Diagnosis and treatment of extensively drug-­resistant tuberculosis. UptoDate website. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis?source=search_result&search=extensively+resistant+tuberculosis. Aug 2016.
  19. Ministry of Health Singapore. Prevention, diagnosis and management of tuberculosis. Ministry of Health Singapore website. https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/HPP/Doctors/cpg_medical/current/2016/tuberculosis/MOH%20TB%20CPG%20Full%20version%20for%20website.pdf. Jan 2016.
  20. Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, Barry PM, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: Treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. 2016 Aug 10. http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/07/20/cid.ciw376.full.pdf. PMID: 27516382
  21. National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. NICE guideline: tuberculosis. NICE website. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng33/resources/tuberculosis-prevention-diagnosis-management-and-service-organisation-1837390683589. Jan 2016.
  22. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis (TB): Drug-resistant TB: XDR-TB FAQ. World Health Organization website. http://www.who.int/tb/areas-of-work/drug-resistant-tb/xdr-tb-faq/en/#. 2016.
  23. World Health Organization. WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis. 2016 update. World Health Organization website. http://www.who.int/tb/MDRTBguidelines2016.pdf. 2016.
  24. Borisov AS, Bamrah Morris S, Njie GJ, et al. Update of recommendations for use of once-weekly Isoniazid-Rifapentine regimen to treat latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Jun;67(25):723-726. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6725a5. PMID: 29953429
  25. Lewinsohn DM, Leonard MK, LoBue PA, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: Diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan;64(2):e1-e33. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw694. Accessed 4 Feb 2019
  26. ClinicalKey. Tuberculosis. ClinicalKey. http://www.clinicalkey.com. 2018. Accessed 18 Feb 2019.
  27. World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children . World Health Organization. http://www.who.int. 2014. Accessed 18 Feb 2019.
  28. World Health Organization. Guidelines for treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis and patient care. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int. 2017. Accessed 18 Feb 2019.
  29. Adams LV, Starke JR. Tuberculosis disease in children. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com. 2018. Accessed 18 Feb 2019.
  30. World Health Organization. Companion handbook to the WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int. 2014.
  31. Maroushek SR. Principles of antimycobacterial therapy. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme III JW, Blum NJ, et al. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc; 2020:1560-1565.
  32. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO consolidated guidelines on drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. WHO. https://www.who.int/. 2019.
  33. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 3: diagnosis – rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection. WHO. https://www.who.int/. 2020.
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