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TUBERCULOSIS - PULMONARY (PEDIATRIC)
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a gram-positive bacteria with slow growth rate that is enhanced by 6-8% carbon dioxide and temperature of 35-40ºC.
It is primarily transmitted through airborne route.
The number of tubercle bacilli expelled in the air by a TB infected person is directly related to their infectiousness.
TB transmission is rare in children <10 years old due to their inability to expectorate sputum and low TB bacilli load in their sputum.
TB infection in children is usually obtained from an infectious adolescent or adult depending on the closeness and length of contact and the index case's severity of lung involvement and infectiousness.
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  2. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, et al. Childhood pulmonary tuberculosis: old wisdom and new challenges. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 May;173(10):1078-1090. PMID: 16484674
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  8. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Respiratory-Medicine/40/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Respiratory-Medicine.xml
  9. World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_TB_2006.371_eng.pdf. 2006
  10. Ministry of Health Malaysia, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia. Practice guidelines for the control and management of tuberculosis. http://www.moh.gov.my/. 2006
  11. World Health Organization. Rapid advice: treatment of tuberculosis in children. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241500449_eng.pdf. 2010. Accessed 25 Nov 2011
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. TB elimination - tuberculin skin testing. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/skintesting.pdf. Oct 2011. Accessed 09 Dec 2011
  13. World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. 2nd ed. World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112360/1/9789241548748_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1. 2014. Accessed 17 Jul 2014.
  14. Philippine Pediatric Society Committee on Handbook on Childhood Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis in infancy and childhood. 3rd ed: Philippine Pediatric Society; 2010.
  15. TB CARE I. International standards for tuberculosis care. 3rd ed; 2014. http://www.who.int/tb/publications/ISTC_3rdEd.pdf.
  16. World Health Organization. Systematic screening for active tuberculosis: principles and recommendations. World Health Organization website. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/84971/1/9789241548601_eng.pdf?ua=1. 2013.
  17. Adams LV, Starke JR. Tuberculosis disease in children. UptoDate website. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/tuberculosis-disease-in-children. Aug 2016.
  18. Heysell SK, Friedland G. Diagnosis and treatment of extensively drug-­resistant tuberculosis. UptoDate website. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis?source=search_result&search=extensively+resistant+tuberculosis. Aug 2016.
  19. Ministry of Health Singapore. Prevention, diagnosis and management of tuberculosis. Ministry of Health Singapore website. https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/HPP/Doctors/cpg_medical/current/2016/tuberculosis/MOH%20TB%20CPG%20Full%20version%20for%20website.pdf. Jan 2016.
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  21. National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. NICE guideline: tuberculosis. NICE website. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng33/resources/tuberculosis-prevention-diagnosis-management-and-service-organisation-1837390683589. Jan 2016.
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  30. World Health Organization. Companion handbook to the WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int. 2014.
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