Testicular%20cancer Signs and Symptoms

Signs and Symptoms

Introduction

Most commonly presents as a painless testicular mass or induration
Occurs most often in young and middle-aged men, ie age 15-40 years
Highly treatable disease with a high cure rate; survival rate in 5 years is >95%

Pathophysiology

Testicular primary germ cell tumors (GCT) coming from the malignant transformation of primordial germ cells make up 95% of all testicular cancer; approximately 5% are extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGGCT) and are found midline in the body, eg cerebrum, mediastinum or retroperitoneum
Pathognomonic for GCT is the isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 12 [i(12p)]

Risk Factors

Risk factors include:
- Cryptorchidism – abdominal cryptorchid testes have a higher risk than inguinal cryptorchid testes
- Family history of testicular cancer in 1st-degree relatives (father or brother)
- Personal history of testicular cancer
- Presence of contralateral tumor or testicular germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS)
- Klinefelter’s syndrome
- Testicular dysgenesis

Optimizing metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer treatment in advanced prostate cancer

Assoc Prof. Darren Poon, Assoc Prof. Edmund Chiong, 14 Jan 2021

Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) refers to the condition whereby patients have metastatic prostate cancer and no prior hormonal therapy or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Typically, patients with mHSPC have been treated with ADT alone, following which, the overwhelming majority develop castration resistance over time and head towards eventual mortality. In recent years, the publication of various landmark trials has prompted dramatic changes in the mHSPC treatment landscape, and had favourably impacted overall survival (OS) in these patients. At a recent webinar, A/Prof Darren Poon, Honorary Consultant in Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, and Honorary Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, reviewed treatment options in mHSPC, while A/Prof Edmund Chiong, Head and Senior Consultant, Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore, presented a case which was discussed by an esteemed panel of experts. This webinar was jointly organized by the Singapore Society of Oncology and the Singapore Urological Association, and supported by Astellas.