Prostate%20cancer Signs and Symptoms

Signs and Symptoms

Introduction

Second most common cancer in men; one of the most common cancers in men >50 years of age

Signs and Symptoms

Weak urinary stream, incomplete bladder emptying
Polyuria, nocturia
Hematuria
Erectile dysfunction
Pelvic pain, back pain, chest pain
Lower extremity weakness or numbness
Loss of bladder or bowel control

Risk Factors

Age (increased risk in men >50 years old)
Positive family history: 1st- or 2nd-degree relatives diagnosed with metastatic prostate, ovarian, breast (female ≤45 years old), colorectal, endometrial (≤50 years old) or pancreatic cancer, and those with ≥2 1st- or 2nd-degree relatives diagnosed with prostate, breast, colorectal or endometrial cancer at any age
Ethnicity (African ancestry, Ashkenazi Jewish descent)
Chemical exposures (toxic combustion products)
Genetic mutations: Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2), ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2), homeobox B13 (HOXB13), epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EPCAM), nibrin (NBN), tumor protein 53 (TP53), partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2), deoxyribonucleicacid (DNA) mismatch repair genes [mutS homolog 2 (MSH2), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), Lynch syndrome, mutS homolog 6 (MSH6), post-meiotic segregation increased 2 (PMS2)], insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
Other risk factors under research include a positive medical history of inflammation of the prostate gland [eg prostatitis, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA)] and vasectomy

Comprehensive genomic profiling in oncology – from vision to reality

Dr. Jeffrey Ross, Dr. Rohit Lal, Prof. Alwin Krämer, Dr. Rebecca Dent, Prof. Rafal Dziadziuszko, 24 Jan 2019

Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) has emerged as a key driving force behind personalized cancer care. With the wealth of data available with CGP, medical oncologists now have in their armamentarium a tool that could enable them to provide patients with the optimum treatment. At a Roche Foundation Medicine-sponsored symposium held at the 2018 European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) Congress in Munich, Germany, a panel of experts reviewed key data on CGP, with a focus on the treatment of advanced cancers.

Optimizing metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer treatment in advanced prostate cancer

Assoc Prof. Darren Poon, Assoc Prof. Edmund Chiong, 14 Jan 2021

Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) refers to the condition whereby patients have metastatic prostate cancer and no prior hormonal therapy or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Typically, patients with mHSPC have been treated with ADT alone, following which, the overwhelming majority develop castration resistance over time and head towards eventual mortality. In recent years, the publication of various landmark trials has prompted dramatic changes in the mHSPC treatment landscape, and had favourably impacted overall survival (OS) in these patients. At a recent webinar, A/Prof Darren Poon, Honorary Consultant in Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, and Honorary Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, reviewed treatment options in mHSPC, while A/Prof Edmund Chiong, Head and Senior Consultant, Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore, presented a case which was discussed by an esteemed panel of experts. This webinar was jointly organized by the Singapore Society of Oncology and the Singapore Urological Association, and supported by Astellas.

The changing treatment landscape for premenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: Focus on ribociclib

Dr. Wong Seng Weng, Dr. Lee Guek Eng, 19 Mar 2021

In Singapore, advanced breast cancer (aBC) is the leading cause of cancer death in women 30–49 years of age. For premenopausal women diagnosed with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, HER2-negative BC, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors provide new hope. Currently, ribociclib is the only CDK4/6 inhibitor studied in the first-line setting for premenopausal women with HR+/HER2- aBC, in the phase III MONALEESA-7 trial. Two experts, Dr Wong Seng Weng, Medical Director & Consultant Medical Oncologist at The Cancer Centre, Paragon Medical & Mount Elizabeth Novena Specialist Centre, and Dr Lee Guek Eng, Senior Consultant & Specialist in Medical Oncology at Icon Cancer Centre and Program Director of the Young Women Cancer Program, weigh in with their views on managing premenopausal women with aBC.