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Introduction
- One of the most common cancers in men >50 years of age
Signs and Symptoms
- Weak urinary stream
- Polyuria, nocturia
- Hematuria
- Erectile dysfunction
- Pelvic pain, back pain, chest pain
- Lower extremity weakness or numbness
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
Risk Factors
- Age (increased risk in men >50 years old)
- Positive family history (1st-degree relatives and relatives diagnosed with prostate cancer at an early age doubles the risk)
- Ethnicity (African-American, Caribbean men of African ancestry)
- Chemical exposures (toxic combustion products)
- Genetic mutations: Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) mutations, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mismatch repair genes [MutS Homolog 2 (MSH2), MutL Homolog 1 (MLH1), Lynch syndrome], insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
- Other risk factors under research include a positive medical history of inflammation of the prostate gland [eg prostatitis, STDs, proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIN)] and vasectomy
