postpartum%20hemorrhage
POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE
Treatment Guideline Chart
Postpartum hemorrhage is defined traditionally as blood loss of ≥500 mL for vaginal delivery and ≥1000 mL for cesarean delivery, after completion of the 3rd stage of labor.
It may present as either early (primary) or late (secondary or delayed) postpartum hemorrhage.
Women with bleeding disorders have an increased risk of both early and late postpartum hemorrhage.

Postpartum Hemorrhage References

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  2. International Confederation of Midwives, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Management of the third stage of labor to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2003 Nov;25(11):952-955. http://sogc.org. PMID: 14608446
  3. Firouzbakht M, Kiapour A, Omindar S. Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage by rectal Misoprostol: a randomized clinical trial. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2013 Jan;4(1):134-137. doi: 10.4103/0976-9668.107277. PMID: 23633849
  4. Lalonde A; International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage in low-resource settings. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012 May;117(2):108-118. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.03.001. PMID: 22502595
  5. Martel MJ, MacKinnon KJ, Arsenault MY, et al. Hemorrhagic shock. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002 Jun;24(6):504-511. PMID: 12196857
  6. Maughan KL, Heim SW, Galazka SS. Preventing postpartum hemorrhage: managing the third stage of labor. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Mar;73(6):1025-1028. PMID: 16570736
  7. Leduc D, Senikas V, Lalonde AB, et al. Active management of the third stage labour: prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2009 Oct;31(10):980-993. PMID: 19941729
  8. Schuurmans N, Mackinnon C, et al. Prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage. J Soc Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2000;22(4):271-281.
  9. Shane B; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH). Preventing postpartum hemorrhage: managing the third stage of labor. Outlook. 2001 Sep;19(3):1-8
  10. Mousa HA, Alfirevic Z. Treatment of primary postpartum haemorrhage: managing the third stage of labor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan(1):CD003249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17253486. PMID: 17253486
  11. Gabbe S. Postpartum hemorrhage. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics normal and problem pregnancies. 4th. New York: Churchill Livingstone, Inc; 2002:521-536.
  12. Cunningham F, Macdonald P, et al. Obstetrical hemorrhage. William's Obstetrics. 20th. Stamford: Appleton and Lange; 1997.
  13. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/OBGYN/29/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/OBGYN.xml
  14. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intrapartum care. Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth. NICE. http://www.nice.org.uk. Sep 2007.
  15. The Royal Women’s Hospital. Labour: management of post-partum haemorrhage, including postnatal care. http://www.thewomens.org.au. Mar 2012. Accessed 10 May 2013.
  16. Demott K, Bick D, Norman R, et al. 2006 Clinical guidelines and evidence review for postnatal care: routine postnatal care of recently delivered women and their babies. London. National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care and Royal College of General Practitioners. http://www.nice.org.uk. 2006.
  17. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage. Green-top guideline no. 52. http://www.rcog.org.uk. 2009. Accessed 10 May 2013.
  18. World Health Organization. WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. WHO. http://apps.who.int. 2012. Accessed 26 Apr 2013.
  19. Smith JR, Brennan BG. Postpartum hemorrhage. eMedicine. http://emedicine.medscape.com. Accessed 04 Jun 2010.
  20. Yiadom MY, Carusi D. Pregnancy, postpartum hemorrhage. eMedicine. http://emedicine.medscape.com. Accessed 04 Jun 2010.
  21. Tunçalp Ö, Hofmeyr GJ, Gülmezoglu AM. Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;8:CD000494. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000494.pub4. PMID: 22895917
  22. Belfort MA. Overview of postpartum hemorrhage. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 29 Mar 2017. Accessed 02 May 2017.
  23. Mavrides E, Allard S, Chandraharan E, et al on behalf of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage: Green-top guideline no. 52. BJOG. 2017 Apr;124(5):e106-e149. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.14178. Accessed 02 May 2017. PMID: 27981719
  24. Chandraharan E, Krishna A. Diagnosis and management of postpartum haemorrhage. BMJ. 2017 Sep 27;358:j3875. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j3875. Accessed 24 Sep 2018. PMID: 28954732
  25. Demers C, Derzko C, David M, et al. No. 163-Gynaecological and obstetric management of women with inherited bleeding disorders. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2018 Feb;40(2):e91-e103. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2017.11.036. Accessed 24 Sep 2018. PMID: 29447730
  26. ClinicalKey. Clinical overview: postpartum hemorrhage. ClinicalKey. https://clinicalkey.com. 25 Mar 2021.
  27. Gonzalez-Brown V, Schneider P. Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020 Oct;25(5):101129. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2020.101129. Accessed 11 May 2021. PMID: 32782215
  28. Henriquez DDCA, Bloemenkamp KWM, van der Bom JG. Management of postpartum hemorrhage: how to improve maternal outcomes?. J Thromb Haemost. 2018 Jun. doi: 10.1111/jth.14200. PMID: 29883040
  29. Muñoz M, Stensballe J, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, et al. Patient blood management in obstetrics: prevention & treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. A NATA consensus statement. Blood Transfus. 2019 Mar;17(2):112-136. doi: 10.2450/2019.0245-18. Accessed 11 May 2021. PMID: 30865585
  30. D'Alton ME, Rood KM, Smid MC, et al. Intrauterine vacuum-induced hemorrhage-control device for rapid treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Nov;136(5):882-891. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004138. PMID: 329099
  31. Escobar MF, Nassar AH, Theron G, et al. FIGO recommendations on the management of postpartum hemorrhage 2022. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022 Mar;157(Suppl 1):3–50. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.14116. PMID: 35297039
  32. Haslinger C, Weber K, Zimmermann R. Vacuum-induced tamponade for treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Sep 1;138(3):361-365. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004510. PMID: 34352848
  33. Robinson D, Basso M, Chan C, et al. Guideline no. 431: postpartum hemorrhage and hemorrhagic shock. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2022 Dec;44(12):1293-1310.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2022.10.002. PMID: 36567097
  34. Weeks AD, Akinola OI, Amorim M, et al. World Health Organization recommendation for using uterine balloon tamponade to treat postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Mar;139(3):458-462. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004674. PMID: 35115478
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