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NAUSEA & VOMITING IN PREGNANCY
Nausea & vomiting in pregnancy (NVP), commonly known as "morning sickness", affects 50-90% of pregnant women.
In most women, the condition manifests between the 4th-7th week after last menstrual period and resolves by the 16th week of gestation.
It manifests in a spectrum of severity from mild nausea to very rare life-threatening symptoms.
The etiology is multifactorial.
The pregnant woman's sense of well-being and her daily activities are greatly affected by nausea and vomiting; the physical and emotional impact often leads to anxiety and worry about the effect of the symptoms on the fetus and reduced job efficiency.

Nausea%20-and-%20vomiting%20in%20pregnancy Patient Education

Lifestyle Modification

Diet

  • Pregnant women should be instructed to eat small, frequent meals that are high in carbohydrates and low in fat
  • Solid foods should be bland tasting
  • Salty foods such as salted crackers and potato chips usually can be tolerated early in the morning
  • Sour and tart liquids such as lemonade often are tolerated better than water
  • Spicy, fatty, acidic, sweet and odorous foods should be avoided
  • Prenatal vitamins, when taken at night, may improve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP); taken preconception for prophylaxis
  • Delaying iron supplement may help decrease NVP

Avoidance of Strong Sensory Stimuli

  • Nauseous women should avoid food textures and smells that tend to cause nausea

Emotional Support

  • Women experiencing NVP need reassurance and appropriate support from family members, medical and nursing staff
  • Expert consultation is advised if a pregnant woman is depressed, domestic violence is suspected, or if there is evidence of substance abuse or in the presence of psychiatric illness

Other Measures

  • Fatigue tends to exacerbate NVP; therefore, women should be encouraged to increase their rest periods
  • Women should also be advised to avoid other triggers (eg loud noises, heat, physical or visual movement, increased pressure on abdomen)
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01 Sep 2020
Acute diarrhoea is the second leading cause of deathin children aged younger than 5 years, accounting forapproximately 1.9 million deaths worldwide each year;however, diarrhoea is a preventable and treatable condition.In Malaysia, acute gastroenteritis accounts for about 1.3%of all deaths in children aged younger than 5 years annually.Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of three or more looseor watery stools within 24 hours, and it may be clinicallycategorised as either acute watery diarrhoea (AWD), acutebloody diarrhoea, persistent diarrhoea or diarrhoea withsevere malnutrition.