CME

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) was initially recognized as the factor that determines regression of the Müllerian duct in the male foetus and hence plays an important role in male sex differentiation. Production of AMH in adult women was first reported in 1990.¹ In the past two decades, its role in female ovarian function and the clinical utilities of serum AMH level has been increasingly studied.

Hypoglycaemia is one of the most common clinical issues facing newborn babies. It can be caused by abnormalities in the glycogen stores, alternative substrates, and/or functioning enzymes. The definition of neonatal hypoglycaemia itself remains challenging. Understanding normal glucose physiology and biochemistry is important so that the neonatologist can initiate appropriate investigations to elucidate an aetiology and institute correct management. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of hypoglycaemia will reduce the risk of brain injury to the developing child.

Preterm birth (PTB) is birth that occurs before 37 weeks’ gestation, and it is a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality.¹ Babies born before 34 weeks’ gestation are particularly associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality.² They are also at risk of long-term medical and social sequelae.³ It is therefore important to institute preventative measures that can help mitigate the occurrence of PTB in pregnant women.

Endometrial polyp (EP) is a frequently encountered gynaecologic condition that may present with abnormal vaginal bleeding. It can also be asymptomatic and detected incidentally during imaging investigations or hysteroscopy for infertility or other conditions. Most EPs are benign, but premalignancy or even malignancy may occasionally occur.

Bleeding disorders in children can be divided into acquired and congenital conditions, with the acquired being far more common than the congenital. Clinical bleeding manifestations can vary in severity. Identifying the root cause early is crucial to control and halt bleeding as well as to prevent the risk of future bleeding in a vulnerable age group. This can be achieved by a thorough and salient history, physical evaluation, and appropriate investigations. This review will describe the common causes of bleeding disorders in children and will suggest an approach to the workup and diagnosis of such disorders.

Hysteroscopy is a vital surgical technique for diagnosing and treating intrauterine pathology. The procedure can be divided into diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy.