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DIABETES MELLITUS (PEDIATRIC)
Treatment Guideline Chart
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
It can occur at any age and the earlier the onset, the more serious is the long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs due to the chronic hyperglycemia with DM patients having <10 years in life span compared to non-DM patients.
Type 1 DM patients have complete insulin deficiency due to beta-cell destruction. It may be immune-mediated or idiopathic. It more commonly occurs in children 7-15 years of age but may occur at any age.
Type 2 DM patients have insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
Neonatal DM is hyperglycemia that occurs in the first 6 months of life.

Diabetes Mellitus (Pediatric) References

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  13. National Diabetes Education Program. Overview of diabetes in children and adolescents. Bethesda: National Diabetes Education Program. http://www.ndep.nih.gov/diabetes/pubs/Youth_FactSheet.pdf. Aug 2006
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  21. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Web Site. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng18/evidence/full-guideline-435396349. Aug 2015. Accessed 07 Apr 2016.
  22. Jackson CC, Albanese-O'Neill A, Butler KL, et al. Diabetes care in the school setting: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2015 Oct;38(10):1958-1963. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/38/10/1958.full.pdf. Accessed 07 Apr 2016. PMID: 26404925
  23. Ministry of Health Malaysia. Clinical practice guidelines: management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 5th ed. Ministry of Health Malaysia Web Site. http://www.moh.gov.my/attachments/CPG%20T2DM%202015%20Special%20AFES%20Congress%20Edition.pdf. Dec 2015. Accessed 07 Apr 2016.
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  31. Malaysian Endocrine and Metabolic Society. Clinical practice guidelines on management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 6th ed. MEMS. http://www.mems.org.my/. Dec 2020. Accessed 11 Feb 2021.
  32. Abraham MB, Jones TW, Naranjo D, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Oct;19(Suppl 27):178-192. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12698. PMID: 29869358
  33. Adolfsson P, Riddell MC, Taplin CE, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Oct;19(Suppl 27):205-226. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12755. PMID: 30133095
  34. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022 Jan;45(Suppl 1):S1-S270. https://www.diabetesjournals.org/.
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