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CERVICAL CANCER - PREVENTION & SCREENING

Mortality due to cervical cancer can be reduced by prevention, early detection & treatment.
Vaccination may be started as early as 9 years old.
Vaccination may reduce the incidence of HPV-related disease.
Screening for cervical cancer after vaccination is still recommended because only 70% of the virus types associated w/ invasive cervical cancer consist of HPV 16 & 18 types & women may not be entirely protected if they have been infected w/ other HPV types prior to vaccination.

Cervical%20cancer%20-%20prevention%20-and-%20screening Treatment

Treatment

Surgical Intervention

Choice of therapeutic option depends on patient’s age, parity, child-bearing desire, prior cytology and treatment history and history of follow-up, operator experience, and non-visualization of the transformation zone
Both modalities have similar efficacy with respect to eliminating cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and decreasing the risk of developing invasive cervical cancer
- Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA)-positive women are treated with cryotherapy or, if ineligible, loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
May have an adverse effect on future pregnancies
Treatment failure rate has been varied from 1-25%, usually occurs within 2 years after treatment
Patients treated for CIN 2/3 have an increased risk of developing invasive cervical cancer with 56 per 100,000 for at least 20 years post treatment; hence, follow-up is recommended

Ablative Methods

Eg Cryotherapy, laser ablation, electrofulguration, cold coagulation
- Cryotherapy can be performed by trained and competent healthcare providers at all levels (eg doctors, nurses, midwives)

Excisional Methods

Eg Cold knife conization (CKC),LEEP/large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ), laser conization, electrosurgical needle conization
- Should only be performed by a trained health personnel (eg gynecologist)

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Acute diarrhoea is the second leading cause of death in children aged younger than 5 years, accounting for approximately 1.9 million deaths worldwide each year; however, diarrhoea is a preventable and treatable condition. In Malaysia, acute gastroenteritis accounts for about 1.3% of all deaths in children aged younger than 5 years annually. Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of three or more loose or watery stools within 24 hours, and it may be clinically categorised as either acute watery diarrhoea (AWD), acute bloody diarrhoea, persistent diarrhoea or diarrhoea with severe malnutrition.

01 Sep 2020

Acute diarrhoea is the second leading cause of deathin children aged younger than 5 years, accounting forapproximately 1.9 million deaths worldwide each year;however, diarrhoea is a preventable and treatable condition.In Malaysia, acute gastroenteritis accounts for about 1.3%of all deaths in children aged younger than 5 years annually.Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of three or more looseor watery stools within 24 hours, and it may be clinicallycategorised as either acute watery diarrhoea (AWD), acutebloody diarrhoea, persistent diarrhoea or diarrhoea withsevere malnutrition.