• Choice of therapeutic option depends on patient’s age, parity, child-bearing desire, prior cytology and treatment history and history of follow-up, operator experience, and non-visualization of the transformation zone
• Both modalities have similar efficacy with respect to eliminating cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and decreasing the risk of developing invasive cervical cancer
  • Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA)-positive women are treated with cryotherapy or, if ineligible, loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
• May have an adverse effect on future pregnancies
•  Treatment failure rate has been varied from 1-25%, usually occurs within 2 years after treatment
•  Patients treated for CIN 2/3 have an increased risk of developing invasive cervical cancer with 56 per 100,000 for at least 20 years post treatment; hence, follow-up is recommended

Ablative Methods

• Eg Cryotherapy, laser ablation, electrofulguration, cold coagulation
  • Cryotherapy can be performed by trained and competent healthcare providers at all levels (eg doctors, nurses, midwives)

Excisional Methods

• Eg Cold knife conization (CKC),LEEP/large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ), laser conization, electrosurgical needle conization
  • Should only be performed by a trained health personnel (eg gynecologist)