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ANEMIA - IRON-DEFICIENCY (PEDIATRIC)
Treatment Guideline Chart

Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common nutritional deficiency in children & reportedly 3x more common than iron-deficiency anemia, but does not always develop into anemia.

Neonates & children may have delayed growth & development; adolescents may show decrements of learning such as behavioral abnormalities.

Iron-deficiency anemia is the most advanced stage of iron deficiency resulted from a protracted imbalance between iron intake & demand.

Characterized by low hemoglobin & hematocrit levels, reduction or depletion of iron stores, low serum iron levels & decreased transferrin saturation.

Anemia - Iron-Deficiency (Pediatric) References

  1. Goddard AF, James MW, McIntyre AS, Scott BB; British Society of Gastroenterology. Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia. Gut. 2011 Oct;60(10):1309-1316. doi: 10.1136/gut.2010.228874. PMID: 21561874
  2. Hadi F. Iron supplementation and therapy for children: simple measures to achieve brighter generation. MIMS. http://staging.pubportal.mims.com/topic/iron-supplementation-and-therapy-for-children--simple-measures-to-achieve-brighter-generation?country=singapore&channel=paediatrics&topicGrouper=. Dec 2015.
  3. Baker RD, Greer FR; Committee on Nutrition American Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics. 2010 Nov;126(5):1040-1050. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-2576. PMID: 20923825
  4. Lichtin A. Iron-deficiency anemia. First Consult. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/medical_topic/21-s2.0-1014692. Oct 2012.
  5. Mahoney DH. Iron deficiency in infants and young children: Screening, prevention, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/iron-deficiency-in-infants-and-young-children-screening-prevention-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis. Jun 2016.
  6. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Department of Health and Ageing, Australia. Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand: including recommended dietary intakes. NHMRC. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/n35.pdf. Sep 2005.
  7. National Institutes of Health. Iron: dietary supplement fact sheet. NIH. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/#h2. Feb 2016.
  8. Santiago P. Ferrous versus ferric oral iron formulations for the treatment of iron deficiency: a clinical overview. ScientificWorldJournal. 2012 May;2012(846824). doi: 10.1100/2012/846824. PMID: 22654638
  9. Schrier S, Auerbach M. Treatment of iron deficiency anemia in adults. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-adults. Jul 2016.
  10. Short MW, Domagalski JE. Iron deficiency anemia: evaluation and management. Aust Fam Physician. 2013 Jan;87(2):98-104. http://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0115/p98.html. PMID: 23317073
  11. Vehapoglu A, Ozgurhan G, Demir AD, et al. Hematological indices for differential diagnosis of Beta thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia. Anemia. 2014;2014(576738). doi: 10.1155/2014/576738. PMID: 24818016
  12. World Health Organization. Guideline: Daily iron supplementation in infants and children. Geneva: World Health Organization Press; 2016.
  13. Baker RD, Greer FR, Committee on Nutrition American Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics. 2010 Nov;126(5):1040-1050. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-2576. PMID: 20923825
  14. Chew ECS, Lam JCM. Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anaemia in children – a clinical update. Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare. 2021 Dec;21(4):278-285. doi: 10.1177/201010581202100410.
  15. Hernell O, Fewtrell MS, Georgieff ML, et al. Summary of current recommendations on iron provision and monitoring of iron status for breastfed and formula-fed infants in resource-rich and resource-constrained countries. J Pediatr. 2015 Oct;167(Suppl 4):S40-S47. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.07.020. PMID: 26364025
  16. Mattiello V, Schmugge M, Hengartner H, et al. Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency in children with or without anemia: consensus recommendations of the SPOG Pediatric Hematology Working Group. Eur J Pediatr. 2020 Apr;179(4):527-545. doi: 10.1007/s00431-020-03597-5. PMID: 32020331
  17. National Blood Authority Australia. Paediatric and neonatal iron deficiency anemia guide: guidance for Australian health providers. National Blood Authority Australia. https://www.blood.gov.au. Dec 2017.
  18. Powers JM. Iron deficiency in infants and children <12 years: screening, prevention, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 15 Sep 2021.
  19. Powers JM. Iron deficiency in infants and children <12 years: treatment. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 10 Aug 2021.
  20. Powers JM. Iron requirements and iron deficiency in adolescents. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 09 Sep 2021.
  21. Unger SL, Fenton TR, Jetty R, et al. Iron requirements in the first 2 years of life. Paediatr Child Health. 2019 Dec;24(8):555-556. doi: 10.1093/pch/pxz148. PMID: 31844396
  22. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO guideline on use of ferritin concentrations to assess iron status in individuals and populations. WHO. http://www.who.int/. 2020.
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